Research about PHPs and Health Professionals

FSPHP strongly advocates for the use of empirical data to understand physician health program outcomes and continually works with our PHP member programs and subject matter experts to move this effort forward.

Implementation of Structured Suicide Risk Screening in a State Physician Health Monitoring Program
Archives of Suicide Research
Lisa Merlo, PhD, MPE; Cristiana Araujo, PhD
July 2025

Critical Evaluations: Leadership Perspectives on the Role and Effectiveness of PHPs in Supporting Physician Well-Being
Capella University
Joyce Davidson, PhD, LCSW, Director of Clinical Services, Colorado Physician Health Program
2024
This study offers an analysis rooted in the lived insights and collective wisdom of PHP leaders across the U.S. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodology approved by the dissertation committee and IRB. Findings were interpreted through the lenses of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Conservation of Resources (COR) theory — two frameworks that help explain how both individuals and organizations thrive or struggle based on the presence or absence of key internal and external supports.
Read full executive summary here.

Physician Burnout and Career Fatigue Part III
American Bar Association
Sun W. Vega, Daniel Blaney Koen, and Tyler Cowart 
September 2023

Barriers to recovery for medical professionals: Assessing financial support through a survey of Physician Health Programs 
American Journal of Addiction
Amy E. Vinson, MD, Michael Fitzsimons, MD, Samuel Weinhouse, BA , Lisa Merlo, PhD, MPE, Chris Bundy, MD, MPH, FASAM, Steven Staffa, MS, Mark Rockoff, MD, Linda Bresnahan, MS
2023
“This is the first publication that attempts to measure the extent to which the costs of qualified evaluation and treatment are barriers to help-seeking for physicians with impairing or potentially impairing health conditions. The findings suggest that the cost burden to physicians, especially earlier in their careers when intervention would be most helpful, may be a major impediment to health and well-being. Rather than seeing this as a problem with the PHP model, which has consistently delivered exemplary results, the authors conclude that costs should be shifted away from individuals and onto the system that benefits from their work without compromising the quality or qualifications of those who have the experience and expertise to effectively evaluate and treat this unique population.” Chris Bundy, MD, MPH, FSPHP Past-President, Executive Medical Director, Washington Physicians Health Program. “Physicians arrive in treatment at different times during their career. About 30% of these admissions are medical students or early career physicians, who are burdened by academic debt. Third-party payers provide limited support for career and life-saving care, decreasing the effectiveness of the long-term disease management process provided by PHPs across the U.S. and Canada. This article serves as a wake-up call for all. Effective treatment followed by disease monitoring works and is cost-effective. Why are we not able to use it in this vulnerable population?” Paul H. Earley, MD, DFASAM, FSPHP Past President, and GA Professionals Health Program, Inc. Medical Director.

Best Practices for the Independent Medical Examination of Mental and Behavioral Disorders
American Medication Association
Charl Els, Barry Gelinas, Rose M. Carter, Les Kertay
August 2022
This article offers guidance on applying and adapting existing standards to Mental and Behavioral Disorder IMEs. It outlines the appropriate use of psychiatric nomenclature and how to apply recent changes to Chapter 14 of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The article further offers a mechanism for introducing greater objectivity into an otherwise subjective process by employing relevant psychological validity testing and conducting a coherence analysis in formulating an opinion. In summary, it provides a synopsis of current best practices and offers the examiner a method for aligning M&BD IMEs with equally high standards of excellence. It includes consideration for the impact of occupational risk.

Essential components of physician health program monitoring for substance use disorder: A survey of participants 5 years post successful program completion
American Journal on Addictions
Lisa J. Merlo PhD, MPE, Michael D. Campbell PhD, Corinne Shea MA, William White MA, Gregory E. Skipper MD, Jill A. Sutton PhD, Robert L. DuPont MD
2022
A January 2022 article authored by FSPHP Research Committee Co-Chair Dr. Lisa Merlo and published in The American Journal on Addictions describes elements of successful professional health monitoring programs (PHPs) from the perspective of former participants 5+ years after completion of their monitoring agreement for substance use disorder (SUD)--i.e., after 10+ years of recovery. The results provide preliminary evidence of the long-term sustainability of treatment success among PHP participants and document the particular importance of engaging with the PHP, formal SUD treatment, participation in 12-step programs, and random drug testing to achieve these outcomes. Thank you to the PHP staff from Idaho, Indiana, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, and Washington who assisted with contacting potential participants for this study, as well as to the physicians who participated by completing the survey.

Barriers and Facilitators to Seek Help for Substance Use Disorder among Dutch Physicians: A Qualitative Study
European Addiction Research
Pauline M. Geuijen; Esther Pars; Joanneke M. Kuppens; Aart H. Schene; Hein A. de Haan; Cornelis A.J. de Jong; Femke Atsma; Arnt F.A. Schellekens
2022

Do Medical Licensing Questions on Health Conditions Pose a Barrier to Physicians Seeking Treatment? A Literature Review
Journal of Medical Regulation
Fisayo Aruleba, BSc Hons; Jeremy Beach, MBBS, MD, FRCP(C); Gordon Giddings, MD, MBA, FCFP, CCPE
 2022

Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Integration in Physicians During the First 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Tait D. Shanafelt, MD; Colin P. West, MD, PhD; Lotte N. Dyrbye, MD, MHPE; Mickey Trockel, MD, PhD; Michael Tutty, PhD; Hanhan Wang, MPS; Lindsey E. Carlasare, MBA; Christine Sinsky, MD
2022

Is It Burnout or Depression? Expanding Efforts to Improve Physician Well-Being
The New England Journal of Medicine
Srijan Sen, M.D., PhD
2022

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon self-reported physician burnout in Ontario, Canada: Evidence from a repeated cross-sectional survey
BMJ Open
Jainita Gajjar, Naomi Pullen, Yin Li, Sharada Weir, James G Wright
2022

Physicians and Cognitive Decline: A Challenge for State Medical Boards
Journal of Medical Regulation
Sharona Hoffman, JD, LLM, SJD
2022

Suicide and Self-Harm Among Physicians in Ontario, Canada
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Manish M. Sood, MD MSc; Emily Rhodes, MSc; Robert Talarico, MSc; Caroline Gérin-Lajoie, MD; Christopher Simon, PhD; Edward Spilg, MBChB, MSc; Taylor McFadden, PhD; Kwadwo Kyeeremanteng, MD; Daniel T. Myran, MD MPH; Nicholas Grubic, MSc; Peter Tanuseputro, MD MHSc
2022

Violence Against Physicians in the Workplace: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Strategies for Intervention
Current Psychiatry Reports
Rosangela Caruso, Tommaso Toffanin, Federica Folesani, Bruno Biancosino, Francesca Romagnolo, Michelle B. Riba, Daniel McFarland, Laura Palagini, Martino Belvederi Murri, Luigi Zerbinati & Luigi Grass
2022

Physician Health Care Visits for Mental Health and Substance Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ontario, Canada
JAMA Network Open
Daniel T Myran, Nathan Cantor, Emily Rhodes 1, Michael Pugliese, Jennifer Hensel, Monica Taljaard, Robert Talarico, Amit X Garg, Eric McArthur, Cheng-Wei Liu, Nivethika Jeyakumar, Christopher Simon, Taylor McFadden, Caroline Gerin-Lajoie, Manish M Sood, Peter Tanuseputro 
2021

Cognitive Screening for Senior Physicians: Are We Minding the Gap?
Journal of Medical Regulation
2021
Christopher C. Bundy, MD, MPH; Betsy White Williams, PhD, MPH
Editor's Note by Heidi M. Koenig, MD, Editor-in-Chief

Success Rates of Monitoring for Healthcare Professionals with a Substance Use Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Pauline M. Geuijen, Sophie J. M. van den Broek, Boukje A. G. Dijkstra, Joanneke M. Kuppens, Hein A. de Haan, Cornelis A. J. de Jong, Aart H. Schene, Femke Atsma, Arnt F. A. Schellekens
2021
This investigation highlights the limitations of prior studies demonstrating effectiveness of HCP monitoring programs and serves as an important guide for future research to update and improve upon the evidence-base.  FSPHP is pursuing such research and welcomes funding and collaborative partnerships with investigators interested in physician health. Click here for the FSPHP Research Guidelines.  The article emphasis that the results look consistent (and consistently good). The limitations about the lack of randomized or quasi-experimental studies described exists because there are ethical issues that prevent those studies from being done.

The Impact and Sequelae of Sexual Victimization of Graduate and Professional Students
Current Psychopharmacology
Philip Hemphill and Margaret Reynolds
September 2020

Alcoholics Anonymous and Other 12‐Step Programs for Alcohol Use Disorder
Cochrane Library
John F Kelly, PhD, Keith Humphreys, PhD, Marica Ferri, PhD
March 2020

A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Review of Resident Care-Seeking at a Physician Health Program
Academic Psychiatry 
Amanda L. Parry, Elizabeth Brooks, PhD, Sarah R. Early, PsyD
October 2018

Helping the Healer: Population-Informed Workplace Wellness Recommendations for Physician Well-being
Occupational Medicine
Brooks E, Early SE, Gendel, MD, Miller L, Gundersen DC. 
March 2018 

When Doctors Struggle: Current Stressors and Evaluation Recommendations for Physicians Contemplating Suicide
Archives of Suicide Research 
Elizabeth Brooks, PhD, Michael H. Gendel, MD, Sarah R. Early & Doris C. Gundersen, MD
January 2018